12.2. The atmosphere and interior
-
- Hydrogen and helium
 Equator takes longer than points near the poles !!
-
-
No solid surface
Clouds
-
-
-
Internal structure
- pressure liquified hydrogen
- metallic hydrogen
- Strong magnetosphere
- Radio emissions
- Solid core
- Giant Gem?
12.3. The Pioneer and Voyager missions
Pioneer 10
- - Jupiter
Pioneer 11
- - Jupiter
- - Saturn
Voyager 1
- - Jupiter
- - Saturn
Voyager 2
- - Jupiter
- - Saturn
- - Uranus
- - Neptune
- "GRAND TOUR"
Asteroid Belt?
Jupiter's Radiation Belts?
Voyagers had "messages"
- 116 images, 55 greetings,
music
They need RTG's
- Pioneers: 165 W
- Voyagers: 420 W
How did Voyager 2 do its "grand tour"?
Gravity Assist! ("Slingshot effect")
12.4. The cosmic collision of 1994
 Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
- Discovered 1993
- Was fragmented
- (Passed within the Roche limit of Jupiter in 1992)
- On collision course with Jupiter!
Fragments struck 16-22 July 1994
Watched by ground-based telescopes,
Hubble
and Galileo
Enormous explosions
Vibrations and spectra were observed
Crater chains
12.5. The Galileo mission
(Orbiter (Dec. 1995 - Sep. 2003) & Atmospheric Probe)
Triple loop
First infrared pics of Moon
First asteroid encounter: Gaspra
First satellite of an asteroid: Ida
& Dactyl
Orbiter
- Two gravity assists and braking thrust to go into orbit
- Many later flybys of Jupiter's satelittes
Probe
- Entered with 47 km/s
- Friction
 14000 K
- Deceleration: 230 g
- 57 min data, 200 km depth, 23 bar pressure
Problems & Solutions
- High - gain antenna (134 kilobits/sec) jammed
- Due to loss of Lubricant
(Florida
 California Florida -- Challenger --
California Florida)
- Attempts to free it
- Turning antenna towards and away from sun
- "Hammering" 13000 times
- Hammering after spinning up to 10 rpm
- Low-gain antenna: 8-16 bits/sec
- New compression software and more receivers at Earth:
160 bits/sec
- Tape recorder sometimes does not rewind (Stuck once for 15 hrs)
- Section of tape possibly weakened
- 25 windings over that section, off-limits.
Lasted 14 years
- Crashed into Jupiter (NOT Europa!)
References:
- Explorations: Sect. 9.1
Optional Further Reading (From WWW)
Click on the icons below to go to pictures:
The Great Red Spot |
Jupiter & Io (Taken by HST)
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